How George Westinghouse Influenced Electricity

George Westinghouse was a prolific inventor who influenced the course of history by promoting the use of electricity for power and transportation. He enabled the growth of railroads through his inventions. As an industrial manager, Westinghouses influence on history is considerable -- he formed and directed more than 60 companies to market his and others inventions during his lifetime. His electric company became one of the greatest electric manufacturing organizations in the U.S., and his influence abroad was evidenced by the many companies he founded in other countries. The Early Years Born on October 6, 1846, in Central Bridge, New York, George Westinghouse worked in his fathers shops in Schenectady where they manufactured agricultural machinery. He served as a private in the cavalry for two years during the Civil War before rising to Acting Third Assistant Engineer in the Navy in 1864. He attended college for only 3 months in 1865, dropping out soon after obtaining his first patent on October 31, 1865, for a rotary steam engine. Westinghouse’s Inventions Westinghouse invented an instrument to replace derailed freight cars on train tracks and started a business to manufacture his invention. He obtained a patent for one of his most important inventions, the air brake, in April 1869. This device enabled locomotive engineers to stop trains with fail-safe accuracy for the first time. It was eventually adopted by the majority of the worlds railroads. Train accidents had been frequent before Westinghouse’s invention because brakes had to be applied manually on each car by different brakemen following a signal from the engineer. Seeing potential profit in the invention, Westinghouse organized the Westinghouse Air Brake Company in July 1869, acting as its president. He continued to make changes to his air brake design and later developed the automatic air brake system and the triple valve. Westinghouse then  expanded into the railroad signaling industry in the United States by organizing the Union Switch and Signal Company. His industry grew  as he opened companies in Europe and Canada.  Devices based on his own inventions and the patents of others were designed to control the increased speed and flexibility which was made possible by the invention of the air brake. Westinghouse also developed an apparatus for the safe transmission of natural gas. The Westinghouse Electric Company Westinghouse saw the potential for electricity early on and formed the Westinghouse Electric Company in 1884. It would later be known as the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company. He obtained exclusive rights to Nikola Tesla’s patents for a polyphase system of alternating current in 1888, persuading the inventor to join the Westinghouse Electric Company. There was opposition from the public to the development of alternating current electricity. Critics, including Thomas Edison, argued that it was dangerous and a health hazard. This idea was enforced when New York adopted the use of alternating current electrocution for capital crimes. Undeterred, Westinghouse proved its viability by having his company design and provide the lighting system for the entire Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. The Niagara Falls Project Westinghouses company took on another industrial challenge when it was awarded a contract with the Cataract Construction Company in 1893 to build three huge generators to harness the energy of the Niagara Falls. Installation on this project began in April 1895. By November, all three generators were completed. Engineers at Buffalo closed the circuits that finally completed the process to bring power from Niagara a year later. The hydroelectric development of Niagara Falls by George Westinghouse in 1896 inaugurated the practice of placing generating stations far from consumption centers. The Niagara plant transmitted massive amounts of power to Buffalo, over 20 miles away. Westinghouse developed a device called a transformer to solve the problem of sending electricity over long distances.   Westinghouse convincingly demonstrated the general superiority of transmitting power with electricity rather than by mechanical means such as the use of ropes, hydraulic pipes, or compressed air, all of which had been proposed. He demonstrated the transmission superiority of alternating current over direct current. Niagara set a contemporary standard for generator size, and it was the first large system supplying electricity from one circuit for multiple end uses such as railway, lighting, and power. The Parsons Steam Turbine Westinghouse made further industrial history by acquiring exclusive rights to manufacture the Parsons steam turbine in America and introducing the first alternating current locomotive in 1905. The first major application of alternating current to railway systems was used in the Manhattan Elevated railways in New York and later in the New York City subway system. The first single-phase railway locomotive was demonstrated in the East Pittsburgh railway yards in 1905. Soon after, the Westinghouse Company began the task of electrifying the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad with the single-phase system between Woodlawn, New York and Stamford, Connecticut. Westinghouse’s Later Years The various Westinghouse companies were worth about $120 million and employed approximately 50,000 workers at the turn of the century. By 1904, Westinghouse owned nine manufacturing companies in the U.S., one in Canada, and five in Europe. Then the financial panic of 1907 caused Westinghouse to lose control of the companies he had founded. He founded his last major project in 1910, the invention of a compressed air spring for taking the shock out of automobile riding. But by 1911, he had severed all ties with his former companies. Spending much of his later life in public service, Westinghouse showed signs of a heart ailment by 1913. He was ordered to rest by doctors. After deteriorating health and illness confined him to a wheelchair, he died on March 12, 1914, with a total of 361 patents to his credit. His last patent was received in 1918, four years after his death.

Economic Growth Brings Greater Happiness - 830 Words

Economic growth brings greater happiness- how far do you agree with this statement? What is happiness? It is just one word, but every person has his own view on this question. Happiness is a basic of nature. Somebody think that it is God’s gift or result of luck, but some people claim that happiness is in your hands, you do it by yourself, you have to achieve your aims to be happy. Some people confuse happiness to pleasure, pleasure is a drink of water in the hot day, a comfortable bed after difficult day, but the happiness is absolutely another. The traveler is happy when he reached a peak of mountain, but he is not pleased, because he knows that in future he has to go down. The pleasure is a result, the happiness is a way. Although,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ There is still disagreement about details, but some researchers believe there is close to complete adaptation to rises income† (Oswald, 2006). Humans also adjust to their needs in answer to what other people have. For example, poor men prove his love to a wife giving her just one rose, but rich man has to present a hundred roses. And, of course one of the major factors of happiness is value. People feel more happy and better when they can trust other people. Unfortunately, the proportion of trusters in the UK has gone down from 56% in 1959 to 31% in 1995 and the proportion in the US quite similar (Layard, 2003). Today people less think about others interest, they worry only about themselves. Also, there is another point of view, that economic growth definitely can bring greater happiness. Pew Global Attitudes survey finds that more than 45000 people in different countries are more satisfied with their lives in the last 5 years (Stockes, 2007). Moreover, it is linked with improvements in income. This example we can see in countries like China, India and Latin America. They think that to live in rich country is to be happy. But people in poor countries are more optimistic than in rich countries. The Pew survey shows that optimism-as defined by the difference between where people stand themselves on the ladder ofShow MoreRelatedThe Correlation Between Economic Growth And The Deterioration Of Our Environment Essay1731 Words   |  7 Pagesdivided, but it is always better to be safe than sorry. Economists have found the correlation between economic growth and the deterioration of our environment: â€Å"In the quest for high rates of GDP, the human cost of producing goods an d services is not set against the market value of those items.† (Mahadea and Rawat, 2008). In other words, there is a constant trade-off between sustaining economic growth and maintaining the natural ecosystem. As stated earlier, producers are unwilling to give up theirRead MoreDiscuss the extent to which economic growth may benefit the economy888 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Discuss the extent to which economic growth may benefit the economy. 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In Support of Gambling According to Collins (2003), the utilitarian position in its most general form dictates that we engage in only that which brings about, causes or triggers the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people ¦ As the author further points out, this principle in the opinion of Jeremy Bentham should in addition to guiding our ethics at a personal level also be used to determine or define the contentRead MoreCollege Is Important For Education873 Words   |  4 Pagescommunication skills, economic mobility. Just like the Chinese richest man Li Ka-shing saying: Knowledge Changes Fate, college opens many doors and provides many advantages and opportunities. Particularly, academic education will give students more opportunities to show and more challenges to their viewpoint. The more education students get, the more choices and opportunities they will have. With an education, children have more options, which often lead to greater success and happiness in life. If

Praising Children Free Essays

Praising Children Yaren D Obando Introduction to Psychology I Praising Children The field of behaviorism has always lacked agreement and will always be a debatable subject. Nonetheless, we find ourselves in the middle of one. Whether is bad or not to praise, or frequently use positive reinforcement in our children, and its consequences of doing so or not doing so is the issue at stake here. We will write a custom essay sample on Praising Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both perspectives, both positions, and both sides have been well represented by the authors of each article. The fact that positive reinforcement indeed strengthens all behaviors wanted will never be proved wrong, but what I intent to do in this integrative analysis is to prove the fact that praising children, and the misuse of positive reinforcement could bring negative outcomes in them. I will do so starting with a detailed summary of each one of these articles that are being looked at, followed by a complete analysis of the evidence found in each of these arguments. Lastly a complex conclusion that will recap the main points argued in this paper, as well as how they tie in and support the final argument. Stop Saying â€Å"Good Job! † In this article, the author Kohn mainly emphasizes the importance of supporting and encouraging children and he shows us ways to do it without praising them or without using positive reinforcement. He goes on to explain with evidence, direct quote, or even with personal experiences why praising children is bad, and gives us five main reasons to support his argument. Kohn explains that we as adults that praising is a way of doing something to children to get them to comply with our wishes, and that we exploit children’s dependence for our own convenience. The author gives us the alternative to have a conversation with children that we have done or failed to do instead of praising, making children become more thoughtful people. Kohn also suggests that praise may increase kids’ dependence on us, and that the more we praise them the more they rely in our evaluations, our decisions about what’s good or bad, rather than using their own judgment which can affect their life as they grow older. He also argues that by praising kids e are indirectly telling them how to feel. Instead of letting them take delight in their own accomplishments, to feel pride in what they have learned how to do. Kohn compares the praising to a goody, and explain that children behave well just because they are trying to get the goody, and not for the fact that and acting might be good in itself alone. Praising increases pressure in children, to keep up the good work that has gotten them the goody so far. All of this gets in the way the actual kids perfo rm. Finally, Kohn ends his arguments with some advice, and a solid conclusion stating the fact that encouraging our children is great, we just have to watch the way or the motives for which we do it, and that maybe positive reinforcement isn’t so positive after all. A Bad Job with â€Å"Good Job† (A Response to Kohn) In this second article the authors, write a clearly response that disagrees with Kohns’ argument and point out all of its weaknesses. They go on to refute in the same format every single idea that Kohn presents within his articles. Rather than purposely manipulating children for adults’ convenience, praise does nothing more than encourage social graces, fine motor skills or valuable skills chosen by them in their own children. The authors go on to argue that such alternative of having a conversation with children could serve to reinforce the behavior, cause misunderstanding in the effects of certain behaviors, and also to independently generate alternative behaviors. In short, making this offered intervention alternative of minimal applicability. The authors try to refuse by mentioning the massive evidence and research done to prove that Kohns’ idea of that the more we praise, the more the kids seem to need it, so we do it more is wrong. They go on to explain that too little positive reinforcement is the reason why we have poor self-esteem and poor adult outcomes, and not the fact that we frequently praise kids as Kohn suggested. On this idea, they don’t argue that children should take pleasure in their accomplishments, but the fact of how they should take pride in those. In fact, is positive reinforcement the primary key in which children learn to take pride in them, and how positive reinforcement it is promoting the importance of children engaging in self-evaluation. For the authors in this article the â€Å"goody† is positive child outcomes, and positive reinforcement has effectively met theses ends. Also that this reinforcement increases behaviors, not decrease as Kohn suggested. They rebute the idea that good job functions decreases the behaviors that are intended to increase, since positive reinforcement only strengthens behaviors wanted. Strain and Joseph conclude their response by summarizing all of Kohns’ ideas, right away refuting all of their most important contrary ideas, and giving us food for thought. A Double Take Without a doubt, it had been more than clear that positive reinforcement will always increase a favorable behavior or outcome to be repeated in the future, this is to be true whether the reason, motive or case in which is used is right or wrong. Praise in this issue could be easily being compared to the food pellet used in The Skinner Box; subjects will always strive for the reward, no matter what’s at stake. Now let us not get distracted and really focused on the important issue, how does praise (positive reinforcement) affect children? Well, let’s look at the evidence provided. Kohn, gave us five main reasons why praising affects our kids in a negative way, on the other hand Strain and Joseph not just refuted this five reasons, but explained how it affects kids in a positive way. 1. Manipulating Children: Kohn to prove his point within the first claim he makes, he quotes a professor at the University of Northern Iowa, which called this approach â€Å"sugar-coated control†, that get children to comply with adults’ wishes. Strain and Joseph, on the other hand use common reasoning to refute Kohns’ point, stating that of course it is wrong for adults to make children engage in: â€Å"developmentally inappropriate and nonfunctional behaviors†, but of course if used the right way it could encourage the repetition of positive behavior that in the long run will benefit kids. Also, Kohn mentions that it could maybe having a conversation with kids instead of praising could actually make them understand the point of doing an act. The opposition quickly replies by stating that such conversation could even cause confusion in children of young ages. 2. Creating Praise Junkies: It is not hard to understand the clear point Kohn makes in his second claim, by praising kids we make them dependent of us, and our own judgment. But he goes to extend and brings the words of a researcher at the University of Florida to support his claim. He suggested that students that are praised lavishly when answering a question right, were more tentative with their responses, or scared that they could be wrong and the teacher would disagree with them making them feel insecure. The weak rebuttal to this claim make by the opposing authors tries to incorporate nameless evidence and decades of research that prove Kohns’ point to be wrong, but do not go on to named them or explain them. They tried to argue the fact that indeed is the lack of praising that causes poor self-esteem and poor adult outcomes. . Stealing a Childs’ Pleasure: Kohn to prove his third point he incorporates a personal experience of his daughter which clearly is guided to the audience. He explained how she wants her daughter to instead of looking up to him for a verdict on an act to share her accomplished pleasure with him. Strain and Joseph, argue back again with nameless evidence the fact that positive reinforcement is the key in which kids learn t o take pride in their own actions. Even with the lack of evidence from their part, we cannot ignore that kids will always need guidance at first which makes this is a very strong point. 4. Losing Interest: oh this claim both authors of both article have a very different idea on what the own claim presents; none of them bring outside sources our measurable evidence for us to take account. 5. Reducing Achievement: Praising does indeed create pressure; it’s like an image that one has to keep up with. Kohn and researchers as we mentions have found that praising creates pressure, and pressure gets in the way of getting things done. Strain and Joseph end this debate by stating once again that positive reinforcement only strengthens behaviors wanted. To conclude, as we can see both sides introduce great arguments to their part. And in fact, positive reinforcement increases a desirable behavior as Strain and Joseph have been arguing. But also in fact it could also have negative outcomes not just for children, but for any subject. The most important thing we get from this is the fact for which we use positive reinforcement, our motives and how we apply it in life, and specially our kids. Positive Praising In conclusion, after reviewing both arguments we can clearly state the fact that positive reinforcement truly encourages a desirable behavior. We can also clearly state the fact that practicing positive reinforcement (praising) in children, could be a good or a bad, on the same account it could bring positive outcomes or negative outcomes. Children are learning sponges, and as long as guide our kids appropriately there should be no worries. As long as we understand the reason we use praising, our motives, and how we use it in our children but for their own benefit, we all will live in a better world. . How to cite Praising Children, Essay examples

Early Royal Feminism free essay sample

An examination of writings of Queen Elizabeth I and their impact on early womens rights. This paper presents a detailed discussion about the work of Elizabeth I and how it does not reflect the traditional view of women. The writer of this paper examines two of Elizabeth Is works; Speech to the Troops at Tilbury and The Doubt of Future Foes to illustrate the non-traditional views that they reflect. During the last four decades the womens movement has worked to equalize the genders in all areas of life. Before the movement however women were not considered equal to men in most venues. Elizabeth I who resided in the 16th century, was well known for her refusal to comply with the chauvinistic attitude of her time. We will write a custom essay sample on Early Royal Feminism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She was a woman who never married, and refused to allow her gender to dictate her power or goals. She was well known for her works which included poems, speeches and other words of wisdom, and even in her works she refused to give in to the gender biased that was so accepted of her time.

Zero tolerance policing free essay sample

Zero-tolerance policing is a strong and authoritative form of policing with a main focus on minor crimes and public incivilities as public drunkenness, graffiti, beggary. Police discretion is removed and replaced by being tough on minor crimes and the use of coercive power. This is expected to cause a decline in major crimes as theft, burglary and violence. One of the main examples of zero-tolerance policing in practice is the policy of police commissioner William Bratton between 1991 and 1997. During that period crime rates declined largely, this was seen as a major evidence for the effectiveness of zero-tolerance policing. Although, other research has shown evidence for more, and maybe more important, explanations of the huge decline in crime. There was already a decline in homicide rates, the number of people using crack cocaine was declining, the drugs market was changing, intelligence-led policing was upcoming and there was an increase in community crime prevention (Bowling, 1999; Dixon, 1999). We will write a custom essay sample on Zero tolerance policing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Considering this, we can question if zero-tolerance policing is as effective as claimed. To understand the effects of zero-tolerance policing, it is useful to look at it from a different point of view, a criminological point of view. There are many criminological theories which promote zero-tolerance policing, but also a lot of theories attacking it. In this research essay the main criminological theories will be considered resulting in a conclusion about zero-tolerance policing. The main question is: To what extend does zero-tolerance policing reduce crime from a criminological point of view? Broken windows and broken windows-revised The most important theory which provides a base for zero-tolerance policing is the broken windows theory of Wilson and Kelling (1982). This theory focuses on the consequences of minor crimes and deterioration of the environment. If the physical environment of a neighbourhood declines and if there are behavioural manifestations of disorder, it will give a message of disinterest. This will give criminals the feeling that the probability of detection is low (Bernasco Nieuwbeerta, 2003). Another consequence of the behavioural and physical disorder is that the people will have growing feelings of insecurity and fear. O ‘Brien and Wilson (2011) argue that  individuals determine whether a neighbourhood is safe or not by looking for signs of disorder as beggary or graffiti. The more incivilities they see, the less secure people will feel. As a consequence of the fear, there will be a decrease of informal social control. The low degree of social cohesion is expected to result in more crime, as again, criminals will get the feeling that risk of sanction is low (Bernasco Nieuwbeerta, 2003). A low degree of social cohesion can be shown by a lack of collectivity, a high residential mobility, loose relationships, little formal and informal control and ineffective social organisations (Lanier Henry, 2010a). In short, physical disorder and the presence of minor crimes will result in more crime (Sampson Raudenbush, 2004). Zero-tolerance policing is therefore seen a good strategy to prevent crime because it will be tough on the physical and behavioural disorder. Police officers have no discretion so no exceptions would be made. The broken windows theory seems convincing but when we take a closer look, there are some questionable points. Sampson and Raudenbush (1999) have revised the broken windows thesis and they believe that the minor crimes are not the cause of more serious crime but there is another, underlying factor that causes both minor crimes and major crimes. The underlying factor they mean is the degree of collectivity and cohesion in the neighbourhood. Disorder is seen as a manifestation of crime and thus shows that there is a low degree of social cohesion. Also the social disorganization theory of Shaw and McKay (cited in Lanier Henry, 2009a, pp. 190 – 251) argues that there will be more crime in neighbourhoods with a low degree of social cohesion. In short, this means that the minor crimes are not the main cause of more serious crimes, but it is the degree of social cohesion in a neighbourhood. Therefore zero-tolerance policing will not be effective because it does not focus on improving the social cohesion and the sense of collectivity in a neighbourhood. The policing strategy is especially focused on minor crimes and no exceptions can be made because the removal of the police discretion. This strict policy is more likely to create a hostile relationship between police and public than to create a bond with the society. According to the revised broken windows theory, policing strategies which are based on trust, communication and legitimacy are expected to be the most effective (Burke 1998; Dixon, 1999). The deterrent effect of zero-tolerance policing Another theory supporting zero-tolerance policing and its severe and tough policy is the rational choice theory. This theory is based on the idea that people are rational beings and they are free in the making of their decisions. They will weigh the costs and benefits and depending on the outcome they decide what to do. Crime is seen as an outcome of this rational choice whereby the benefits are bigger than the costs. The choice people make is strongly influenced by situational factors. To prevent crime it is therefore important to change the situational factors and give people the feeling that the costs are higher than the benefits (Lanier Henry, 2009b). Zero-tolerance policing can be seen as a good way to give people that feeling of being controlled. When the police tolerates no crimes at all people will easier decide to refrain from committing a crime because the expected risk of sanction is high. In addition to this theory, it is important to deepen the concept of deterrence. There are two forms of deterrence, general deterrence and specific deterrence, both with the treat of punishment as main principle. The former is about preventing the whole community from committing a crime by punishing a few of them as example. The latter focuses on preventing one particular person from committing a crime by punishing the person itself. Because the treat of punishment, the costs of committing a crime will be higher and therefore people will be less likely to break the law. As becomes clear the deterrence perspective is closely related to the rational choice theory. An important question is, under which conditions is the deterrent effect optimal? There are a few conditions which are mentioned by Jeremy Bentham (cited in Ashworth, 1992, pp. 53-61), namely certainty, celerity and severity. Certainty is seen as the most important one and severity as the least important one. It is difficult to say if zero-tolerance policing meets all the requirements to have a maximal deterrent effect. It is clear that people became more certain of being punished for minor crimes and since certainty is often seen as the main condition, a significant effect is expected. For example the stop and searches by police officers will re duce street criminality because the expectancy of getting caught gets higher (Innes, 1999). Also zero-tolerance policing meets the severity part since sanctions are higher. Proving the celerity part is more difficult, there is a chance that the punishment  process delays because of the overload of cases. On the other side the sanctioning process may be completed more quickly because of the high priority of it. In short, zero-tolerance policing seems to generate a deterrent effect which reduces criminality on the streets. However, the deterrent effect seems to have its limits and it is difficult to prove the effectivity of deterrence. At first it assumes that offenders think rationally, but mostly they do not think about the consequences while committing a crime. Furthermore the deterrence by the treat of punishment has certainly not the biggest influence on the offender, other things like family are often found more important. Also, the deterrent effect has often got a small reach because not everyone in the society gets to know which sanctions are given (Ashworth, 1992). So, we can ask ourselves how effective zero-tolerance policing will be in practice because the effectiveness of deterrence is questionable. It is also very important to keep other side effects in mind, as I mentioned before, the rational choice theory assumes that tough policy and a high level of control can deter people from committing a crime. However, a high level of control will not always have a good influence on the public. The negative effects of tough policing can be found in the consequences of the large number of stop and searches in the UK. Each time someone is stopped and searched without a justifiable reason, it damages the public confidence and its respect for the police. Further, the use of the stop and searches often turns out to be disproportionate because they usually focuses on poor areas. Some ethnic minorities are more likely to live in this poor areas which holds that they are more often targeted by stop and searches. Inequalities like this can cause violence and riots, for example the riots in the UK in 2011. Young people felt anger against the police and the disproportionate use of stop and searches triggered them to start a riot (Bowling, 2008). Legitimacy and communication As becomes clear from the example of the UK riots in 2011, it is really important for the police to be viewed as legitimate, trustable and to be able to communicate with the civilians. Legitimate policing is not just more popular but it is also more effective in reducing crime, because the public is more willing to provide information and more willing to abide the law  (Sherman, 1997). Thus, the importance of this criteria should not be underestimated. To what extent does zero-policing meet this requirements? Many research has shown that zero-tolerance policing declines the legitimacy of the police (Burke, 1998; Dixon, 1999). This is caused by the military, aggressive style of the strategy which creates a growing gap between the public and the police. It seems that marginalized groups are often targeted and crime of the powerful is largely ignored. This unequal and often disproportionate policing is one of the main causes of the growing distrust in the police and the gap I mentioned. As a result of this gap, there will be a decline in information flows from the civilians to the police which reduces the effectiveness of the police since information is necessary fighting crime. Another problem caused by the gap is the reluctance of civilians to report crime to the police. This will make it more difficult for the police to response effectively on crime. When trust in the police is decreasing and the information flow is declining, police officers have to find other ways to get information about crime and the society. Therefore, there is a growing likelihood that police officers will make use of stereotypes which results in the enforcement of police targeting some specific areas due to prejudices and racial profiling. As becomes clear, it is a vicious circle which produces a decline in legitimacy and a growing gap between policy and public. From this point of view, the effects of zero-tolerance policing are not very positive. Another cause of declining legitimacy is the growth of police aggression and brutality, because police officers are conforming into their roles of being tough and strict (Burke, 1998). The Brixton Riots in South-Londen are a good example of the consequences of a weakening relationship between the police and the public and a growing distrust in the police organization. Lord Scarman wrote a report about the riots in 1981 (cited in Burke, 1998, pp. 666-682) saying that the aggressive form of policing and the mistrust in the police were the cause of the riots. The main recommendation in the report was the importance of a good collaboration between the police and the public in preventing and fighting crime. Zero-tolerance policing is a strategy that weakens the relationship between police and civilians and is thus expected not to have a positive effect in reducing crime. The labeling effect Zero-tolerance policing can have more negative effects which are not mentioned before. One of the side effects is caused by the unequal policing that especially targets marginalized groups. This targeting of marginalized groups can start a process of labeling and self fulfilling prophecy. The police is very important in identifying people, thus a negative label or stigma given by the police can lead to a negative self-image in the stigmatized group. This image can have such a big impact on people, that the marginalized people will adapt their behavior to their new image. So, the prophecy of criminality fulfills itself as a consequence of the labeling process. Research has shown that the labeling process has the biggest impact after being incarcerated. Since zero-tolerance policing can be really tough, especially on some marginalized groups, there is a chance that the labeling process will be initiated. Also, there is much evidence that the incarceration rates will increase if zero-tolerance policing is practiced (Jussim et al. 2000). Conclusion The effects of zero-tolerance policing cannot simply be labelled positive or negative. In practice it seemed to have a huge impact shown by declining crime rates in New York between 1991 and 1997. However, when we take a closer look, the declining crime rates are more likely to be caused by other factors. Many criminological theories do suggestions about the effectiveness of zero-tolerance policing, some positive and some negative. The main question that is answered in this paper is: to what extend does zero-tolerance policing reduce crime, from a criminological point of view? The broken windows theory provided evidence for a high effectiveness of the strategy, but the revise of this theory highlighted an underlying explanation of both minor and major crimes. The rational choice theory argues that zero-tolerance policing does have an effect because of the high deterrent effect. However, this deterrence is never proven and zero-tolerance policing can, on the other side, cause violence and riots as the UK Riots in 2011. As becomes clear, zero-tolerance policing does not strengthen the relationship between the police and the public. Worsening communication and declining legitimacy are caused by disproportionate and  aggressive policy. This will not only cause a decline in information flow, but it will also cause a decreasing willingness to abide the law. Another side effect of zero-tolerance policing is shown by the labeling theory which argues that being tough on some specific groups can cause a negative self-image which can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy. According to this criminological theories zero-tolerance policing will have more negative effects than positive effects. A better way of dealing with crime is to build a relationship with the community and to gain trust and legitimacy. A flexible and cooperative approach will make it possible to rebuild public trust and to strengthen relationships between police and public, in the end this will make our community safer.

How to Write Family and Consumer Science Essay Detailed Guide

How to Write Family and Consumer Science Essay Detailed Guide Are you studying family and consumer sciences? It is an interdisciplinary program that is related to home economics and helps college students make informed decisions about their well-being, family relationships, and resources to achieve optimal quality of life. Students in this major learn about human development, family relations, personal and family finance, consumer economics, food science and nutrition, housing and interior design, fashion, textiles, and apparel. Family and consumer science essays are used to assess how students understand specific ideas related to this field of studies and their ability to explain complex concepts and theories in their own words. When you have a task of writing a family and consumer science essay at college, it can be hard to know where to start but, actually, getting A for it is easier than you think. There is no need to be frustrated when you can’t cope with your family and consumer science essay because this detailed guide will give you everything you need to write an A+ academic essay. What Is Family and Consumer Science Essay? Family and consumer science essays are typically written in a discursive style. Students need to bring together interesting ideas, relevant evidence, and logical arguments to address a specific issue or a question. Your task is to persuade your readers that your idea is correct based on evidence. It’s important to develop a strong thesis statement and support it with relevant examples, evidence, and information from credible sources or academic texts. All academic essays follow a particular structure: you have to outline your argument in the introduction, develop your argument in the main body (the middle section), and need to end your essay with your overall key message in the conclusion. Although writing an essay is not a linear process it can be divided into a series of several manageable basic steps: Develop a topic. You need to understand your assignment requirements, find and explore the background information, and form the working thesis; Do in-depth research using scholarly sources on the subject. Read closely and take notes; Develop a thesis statement and make an outline of arguments; Write a draft integrating the evidence that you gathered during your research. Format all citations and references according to the citation style specified by your instructor; Review and revise your draft to improve the content and the logic. Edit and proofread your essay for grammatical errors and common punctuation and spelling mistakes. How to Choose a Winning Topic for Family and Consumer Science Essay Writing If you were given a topic for your family and consumer science essay, you need to analyze your assignment question to get a good idea of what you are being asked to do. First, you should pay attention to the instructional words to understand what approach you must take such as explain, assess, evaluate, discuss, analyze, compare, contrast, examine, comment on etc. For example, if you were asked to discuss homeschooling, you have to investigate this phenomenon, look at all the evidence you can find, and provide reasons for and against it. When you understand what you are actually asked to do, your next step is to identify the broad topic to understand the context of your discussion and to determine specific aspects of the topic that you were assigned to write about. It will help you stay focused while doing the research. If you have to choose a topic on your own, the best approach is to select a topic that you are interested in and that is familiar to you. If the topic is too broad, you need to narrow it down that that you could be able to cover it in your essay, presenting a coherent argument. For example, if you would like to write an essay about medical nutrition therapy, you should narrow this topic which is extremely general and explain how nutrition therapy can help in treating specific diseases, for example, cancer or diabetes. Have no idea which topic to choose? Have a look at this short list of interesting family and consumer science essay topics. We have made it for you to help you get started: Analyze Factors that Contribute to Food Sustainability; Discuss Advantages of Sustainable Fashion; What Are the Strategies to Achieve a Healthy Balance of Work and Family? Discuss Ways To Live More Sustainably; Why Is it Important to Promote Breastfeeding? What Is the Impact of Adopting Mobile Finance? Social Security and Aging Population; How to Promote Technology Use among Older Adults; Discuss the Pros and Cons of Homeschooling; Explain the Importance of Making Safe Food Choices; What Is the Role of Macronutrients in Human Nutrition? Presentation Techniques for Interior Design; Protection of Consumer Rights; Medical Nutrition Therapy for Neurologic Disorders; What Strategies Are Used for Resolving Consumer Conflicts? Research Your Essay Topic The next step is to find relevant primary and secondary sources on the subject of your family and consumer science essay, read them closely, and make meaningful notes of the most interesting ideas that you can summarize, paraphrase or cite in your writing project. You have to find appropriate academic books and journal articles. It’s useful to make a mind map or a spider diagram, noting down some initial ideas and thoughts to stay focused while doing research. It will serve you as an outline plan with relevant key points and background points that will guide your research. Use skimming and scanning techniques to identify material in your sources relevant to the key points that you have determined. You should read critically scholarly texts on your subject and add your own thoughts to your notes. You should note down only relevant and important information that you will need for building your argument. If you plan to use some sentences or phrases as citations in your essay, note them down in quotation marks. Don’t forget to write down all the details of every source you are reading (title, author, page number etc.). You will need this information when creating a references page. Make an Outline Planning your family and consumer science essay is an important step in the essay writing process that why we recommend you to create an outline before you start writing. There are several different types of outlines and the most common ones are a decimal outline which uses only numbers and an alphanumeric outline that uses Roman and Arabic numerals and capitalized and lowercase letters. A good outline will help you to: organize and develop your argument; stick to the major points that you are willing to make; have a good idea of how your argument should start and end; make your essay well-structured, clear, and coherent. Every outline always begins with a strong thesis statement that presents the central idea of your academic essay. An effective thesis statement typically has 2 parts. It tells what exactly you are going to argue and outlines how you are going to support your argument. Your thesis should be definable, arguable, clear, and specific as possible. Then you should brainstorm the ideas that you plan to include in your essay. You need to make a list of ideas and organize them into related groups. Make sure you group your ideas logically and put them in an order that makes sense. Organize ideas into groups to form categories and subcategories. Before you start writing, it’s important to identify your main ideas because your essay shouldn’t be a set of quotes and facts or a summary of other people’s ideas. You have to apply your critical thinking skills to analyze what you are reading on your topic and synthesize the information to develop your own opinions, ideas, and arguments. Making an outline can help you in doing that. Write a Draft When writing a draft, you can start with the main body if you have a mental block with your introductory paragraph. You can begin with any topic idea that you feel comfortable with. You should write freely and never worry about grammar or style at this stage of the writing process. If you worry too much about editing and refining your essay at this stage, you will work slowly and restrict your thinking. You can perfect your writing later. Actually, you’ll need to revise your paragraphs several times making improvements in the content and in the logic before you can be satisfied with your final draft so you should let your ideas flow. Here are some tips on how to write different sections of an essay. Introduction In your introduction, you need to tell your readers what they should expect from your writing project. You should keep your introduction brief, focusing on the relevant information that will help you answer the set question. An introduction is typically not long it should make up 5-10% of the whole academic essay. Your word count will determine how many details you need to include in your introductory paragraph. You should start your introduction with an attention grabber – a relevant quote from an expert, interesting statistics, a shocking fact etc. You have to provide your readers with some background information about the topic so you should start with a broader subject and then introduce a specific topic to your audience. An important part of your introduction is the thesis statement that you are going to argue in your essay. Besides, you can also briefly outline the key points that you are going to discuss in your family and consumer science essay. Body Paragraphs When writing body paragraphs, you need to group together sentences that focus on the same idea so the main points are easy to understand. Typically, the body of your family and consumer science essay should include several supporting arguments that back up your main idea (thesis statement). You have to introduce these arguments in separate paragraphs. The main idea of each paragraph has to be outlined in the first topical sentence. You also need to provide evidence to support each claim. The evidence may include: research from your readings; statistics; arguments; quotations; facts; data. You should also include a reference and tell your readers how this evidence can support your points. The concluding sentence should link each paragraph to the main argument of your essay. You should use transition words and phrases like therefore, at the same time, in addition to, because, accordingly, on the whole etc. to help your readers navigate your essay. Make sure that you use transitions sparingly and only when it is actually necessary. Conclusion A conclusion is your last chance to persuade your audience that your point of view is right. It should convey the sense of completeness and closure but at the same time it should look to the future and be thought-provoking. Don’t write a simple summary but synthesize your ideas and don’t include any new material or evidence. In this part of your essay, you need to move from the specific to the general to set the discussion into a larger context. Revise, Edit, and Proofread Your Draft It’s very unlikely that the first draft of your family and consumer science essay will be perfect. That’s why you should leave enough time to revise, edit, and proofread your own work. First, you have to reread your draft from start to finish and check the structure and the content. You should look at your work as a whole to have a clear picture and understand where you need to make improvements and changes. You may rethink your thesis and restructure your argument, delete irrelevancies or redundancies, and add some new material. You should ensure that the structure of your essay is logical and helps your readers follow your argument. Then you should check the style and the presentation. While proofreading your family and consumer science essay, you should check accuracy, referencing, and language. You’d better check different aspect in separate sessions. You’re advised to use online dictionaries, thesaurus, and grammar guides to check spelling, grammar, and punctuation. Make sure that all references and citations follow a specific citation style (MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard etc.).

Freedom Rider Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Freedom Rider - Essay Example It may be that we are in poverty- after all, we were once slaves. Our ancestors left us with no riches to inherit and no lands to claim but their legacy remains skin deep: our freedom to voice out what we feel and think. This legacy has been brought about by the history of our people who have been burdened by issues such as slavery and persecution and yet we have chosen to rise from our conditions. Our history has made us strong and persevering in the face of obstacles and in times of crises. All these we inherited from our ancestors and with all these attributes that I have called into mind, I ask you not to fear for my life in my participation of the freedom rides. Like our ancestors, I am strong, I will persevere, I shall rise above our prejudiced conditions, for the main reason that I want to voice out what I feel and think is right. Being a â€Å"freedom rider† is a paradox of some sort. As you might know already, we will be riding interstate buses into the segregated southern United States. I assure you that we’re not riding with the flow of current events, that is, were not just riding on the issue about segregation in the south just to get mileage. Instead, what we really aim to do is to challenge the status quo of having racially segregated waiting rooms and terminals. Though we know that we face arrest by authorities and possible attacks from mobs, we choose to fight back with non-violence and willful determination. We choose not just to go above our social conditions such as racial bias and injustice, but we choose to be above those who have fought with much bloodshed and violence, precisely because we have freedom. We are free to choose our goals and our means to achieve those goals, and we choose to be peaceful just like many who have come before us. This is a learning experience for me as it is a learning experience for our society. Our very ways will show society that the end doesn’t necessarily justify the means. On my part, I hope to realize

Current Events in Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Current Events in Macroeconomics - Essay Example They are especially critical of many levels of government intervention, including the proposed guest worker program. The two concur in many areas, including the fact that despite the illegality of this immigration, it benefits the economic status we enjoy by having the illegal immigrants take positions which are those others would not take in service industries like housekeeping and landscaping and other such jobs. The two also state that there are many pluses, including the fact that taxes are often paid by these illegal immigrants. The negatives, unfortunately, are also easily seen, including the use of public education, fire and police protection, and all forms of government assistance including Medicaid, Food Stamps and other such assistance. The overall concept for this article is encompassing human factors, how humanity affects the economy. In this particular case, how the migration and immigration of people affects a particular economy in both good and bad ways. This is subjec t to a great deal of debate as to whether or not such immigration would be of benefit and whether the attempts to change the idea would be of any economic merit. In the Economy section David Wessel writes in A Tricky Move for the Fed, Wall Street Journal June 24, 2006 issue, that the decision to change the interest rate up or down is a tricky proposition in current economic times. The reason for this is that finding an appropriate level of balance is equally as tricky as regaining it once balance has been lost. In the case of current economic standings with inflation on the rise and a slowing economy it's a question of which fire would be the most urgent one to fight. Raising rates could slow the economy and cause a recession, something they don't want; lowering it too much might cause inflation to raise exponentially, also not something favorable in the eyes of economists. Consideration in either case causes concern in the employment factor, the consumer factor is also at issue and then we must also consider how they interact within the economy. Mark Whitehouse reveals, in the piece done in the June 26, 2006 Wall Street Journal titled A Housing Slowdown Can Put the Brakes on a Job Sector but Open Other Opportunities, that the housing boom which our country has been enjoying may be coming to an end and this end makes the appearance of a bad thing. In actuality, the revelations found within this potentially devastating slowdown, could in fact bring about benefits at first unseen. "From a macroeconomic perspective, the housing slowdown, and the attendant slowing of job growth, could be just what the economy needs."1 In essence, the fact that houses are not selling as swiftly as they can be built or as swiftly as someone needs to be transferred may actually prove beneficial in other areas of the economic landscape. This change can further cause a rise in movement elsewhere within the macroeconomic landscape, continuing the cycle that will bring economic relief. Isabelle Lindenmayer writes about the state of the US dollar in her article Dollar is to Enter an Unsteady Week Ahead of Fed Move. As in most cases, the dollar will have its good days and bad days on the market in regard to value, and on occasion, the Fed can influence those good and bad days. In an analysis of expert opinions, two factors,

The Counter Culture and Social Revolution of the 1960s Research Paper

The Counter Culture and Social Revolution of the 1960s - Research Paper Example Prominent people in the 60s had launched the great changes that people enjoy today. That decade served as the basis for further changes and advancement that contributed to the progress of people globally. The whole decade of 1960s had significant events that led to a less rigid and limiting social system in the next decades. The fight for changes occurs around the world and some of those efforts were done violently and with confusion. The reaction of the people of that decade was filled with anger as they expressed their insights on the stiff societal system. Farrell then stated that the 1960s can stand out among other decades as it staged the rebellion of people especially the youth from the rigid 1950s. He also said that the root of that rebellion was the progressive modernism that started before the emergence of World War (16). The fight against the rigid social system did not only take place physically but also intellectually as literature had been used as an avenue for opening t he eyes of the public about the issues being faced by the society in that time (Cart 21). Cart also added that popular writers of 1960s detailed the events that made people take action as they fight for their complicated desires and motives (21). Those motives drove people as they did not give up for the fight they had. Hammond took notice of the critical thinkers that came out also in that decade as they thought of ways on how to prevent themselves from having too much of everything (175). She also added that balance had been sought in the pursuit of knowing the identity of own selves (Hammond 175). Despite of the pursuit for balance and self-identity, rigid rejection occurred against the dictated standards set forth by the older generation (Rielly 21). The 1960s also prevented the prevalent status quo to influence them by using rage that might have led to violence. People were unashamed and fearless as they brought out the sensitive topics that were once considered taboos. On top of that, the strength shown by those people came from the earlier fights against discrimination and conventional social system that were recorded in history (Bell 120). It can be rooted from the 1895 and 1914 modernist revolutions (Riley 58). Artistic revolution then occurred in that period as visual artists, musicians, poets and novelists went out of the traditional rules of making their own genre as they explore freely with their own form of art (Rielly 127). The self-image was also a prominent ideology in the 1960s as new point-of-views came out in the process as Roger Shattuck identified the ideology and process through his work called The Banquet Years as traditions discriminated people and how those people coped up with their situation (Bell 121). That decade focused on the welfare of the commoners like the youth and oppressed as they fought for their rights within the strict norms of the society. The paper would focus on the cultural changes and social revolutions of the 1960 s especially the massive efforts and resistance that people had done in that decade. After all, the people of the latter decades and generations owe the freedom being enjoyed to the people behind the events in the 60s that influenced the adjustments upon the social system. The 1960s was also named as the Swinging Sixties as many ups and downs took place in that decade that created many innovations and long-lasting effects to the lives of people worldwide (Palmer 179). The awareness in the global arena came to existence in the same decade as the younger generation did not conform to the beliefs and customs created by the older generations (Curran and Seaton 185). The whole decade then had produced the technological advancement that catered the needs

Tax Exemption of Athletic Associations and Universities

Tax Exemption of Athletic Associations and Universities Should Professional Athletic Associations and Private Universities be Tax-Exempt? Introduction/Historical Background In the United States, the origins of the tax-exempt sector long predate the republic (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 125.) Without an established framework of government, the early colonist formed many charitable and other voluntary organizations to confront a variety of issues (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 125.) Now, almost three centuries after the formulation of the republic, the tax-exempt sector still plays a major role within public administration, especially in the fulfillment of public services. However, in regards to some organizations within the tax-exempt sector, it is becoming seemingly more difficult to understand what public purpose it serves. While many nonprofit organizations are performing acts that are beneficial to the general public, others are not. According to Edward T. Pound, a U.S. News reporter, the PGA Tour Inc. grosses nearly $180 million a year from their sponsorship of the mens pro golf tour (Pound.) Yet, due to the PGA Tour Inc.s nonprofit status, the corporation does not pay any federal tax on tour operations (Pound.) The National Center for Charitable Statistics reports that there is nearly 1.5 million nonprofit organizations registered within the United States as of 2013(nccs.urban.org.) The rapid growth within the nonprofit sector does not come without its consequences. The Internal Revenue Service has conducted numerous investigations on groups like the National Football League and Childrens Television Workshop for violations such as, excessive com pensation of Congressmen (Pound.) Actions like these are leading many to question why some organizations are considered for considered to be a tax-exempt organization. By examining the nonprofit sector from a historical perspective and possessing a basic understanding of 501 (c) organizations, one can better determine for oneself whether or not certain organizations should be tax-exempt. For one to truly understand todays current nonprofit sector, it is important to know a brief history of the role of the tax-exempt sector within American history. First, there are two main types of voluntary organizations: public serving and member serving. While these two voluntary organizations found great success in early colonial settlements, with hospitals and education, the tax code for these voluntary organizations was not developed until 1894. Furthermore, before the 1950s, tax-exempt organizations could earn tax-free income from both mission-related activities and commercial business activitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 127.) It was not until the Revenue Act of 1954 that the modern tax code for voluntary organizations was established, including section 501(c) for tax exempt organizations (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 127.) In order for an organization to qualify for tax-exempt status, the organization must display that its purpose serves the public good as opposed to private interest (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 129.) Figures show that between the 1985 and 2004 Tax Years, the private foundation segment of the tax-exempt sector experienced significant growth (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 131.) From 1985 to 2004, the number of 501(c) 3 public charities in the United States nearly tripled (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 130.) Now, even today, the tax-exempt sector continues to grow in size and activities, while new tax-exempt organizations continue to emerge (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 135.) Argument Against Tax-Exemption for Athletic Associations and some Universities The tax-exempt sector has drastically changed throughout the past three decades. The rapid increase in number of tax-exempt organizations, along with an evolving tax code, has caused for a lack in governmental transparency in regards to organizations. For example, the National Football League grosses over $9.5 billion dollars per year, but was exempt from federal taxes until 2015 when the NFL voluntarily gave away its tax-exempt status (Isidore 2015). During its time as a nonprofit, the NFL earned more than the Y, the Red Cross, the Salvation Army or Catholic Charities- yet it was able to stand as one of the greatest profit-generatingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦media enterprises ever created (Watson.) In a survey conducted by Fairleigh Dickinson University, only 13 percent of people could identify the NFL as a nonprofit (Jenkins.) While the NFL has since forfeited its tax-exempt status, there are other athletic organization who is nonprofit status is still under question. Other athletic groups li ke the National Hockey League, National College Athletic Association, Professional Golfers Association Tour, and the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association are also under fire. Senator Tom Coburn is calling for legislation that would eliminate any athletic league that grosses more than $10 million to no longer be tax-exempt under 501(c) 6. The Senator wrote, Americans are paying artificially high rates in order to subsidize special breaks for sports leagues (Coburn.) While the NFL has now voluntarily forfeited its tax-exemption, it is still important to question why the organization was ever tax-exempt to begin with and apply the same thoughts to other groups that are still tax-exempt. Tax-exemption for multi-million dollar athletic association seems obscene, especially with some groups approach towards social issues. Before voluntarily giving up their tax-exempt status, U.S. Sen. Maria Cantwell proposed legislation calling to revoke the NFLs nonprofit status after the leagues failure to properly address issues of domestic violenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and the response to the Washington teams refusal to change its nickname (Mandell, Scott.) Cantwell stated, American taxpayers should not be forced to subsidize a $9 billion league that promotes a dictionary-defined racial slur (Mandell, Scott.) Many wonder how these athletic associations even fit into the tax code to begin with. According to USA TODAY Sports Brent Schrotenboer, the NFL has been tax-exempt since the 1940s. In 1966, Congress amended the law to list professional football leagues as a 501 (c) 6 organization in exchange for monetary pledges and the promise to build a New Orleans franchise (Mandell, Scott). While the NFL is an easy organization to examine, the same thought can be applied to most other professional athletic associations that are also exempt from taxes. Yet, athletic associations are not the only group in question for its tax-exempt status. It has long been an understanding that educational institutions are exempt of federal income tax, but some are beginning to question if that should always be the case. In the summer of 2013, residents of Princeton came together to sue the prestigious university that resides in their town (Pierson, Riley). The town residents argued that the school, Princeton University, should no longer be entitled to its tax-exempt status due to its endowment, scientific patents, events, and more (Pierson, Riley). The Ivy League school is operating like a business, the plaintiffs say, so the tax code should treat it like one (Pierson, Riley). The lawsuit claims that in 2011, the university took in over $115 million from scientific patents, which it then put $35 million in the hands of varying faculty members. The residents lawyer said, People in Princeton pay at least one-third more in taxes because the universit y has been exempt all these years (Pierson, Riley). Princeton is not the only university experiencing backlash from its local community. The mayor of Providence, Rhode Island, home to Brown University, also wants to increase the universitys tax payments. At a press conference, Mayor Angel Tarveras said, It takes the revenue collected from 19,00 taxpayers to account for the $38 million in property taxes not paid by Brown University (Pierson, Riley.) Yet, as communities continue to struggle to fund public services, some find it difficult to understand why well-off schools and universities are tax-exempt. In 2004 alone, educational institutions held six of the top ten positions for public charities within the United States (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 131.) Yet, many of these well-off educational institutions do little to financially support the local community, even though the schools benefit from many of its local public services (Pierson, Riley.) Some universities like John Hopkins, Yale, and Duke have worked out pilot deals in lieu of paying taxes (Pierson, Riley.) But even these donations fall well below what the school would owe in taxes (Pierson, Riley.) Counter Argument for Athletic Assoc. and Universities and their Tax-Exemption According to Judith Long, professor of sports management at the University of Michigan, the tax-exempt status of athletic associations is irrelevant (Long 2014). The government does not stand to gain significant financial revenue by revoking the tax-exempt status of athletic associations. Much of the furor in the current debate over the nonprofit status of professional sports is driven by misplaced perceptions that the revenues earned by these organizations are not taxed (Long 2014). The large salaries of associate executives are still taxed later through individual taxes, as well as many of the major league teams who are apart of the association (Long 2014). In addition, Long notes that, many nonprofit sports leagues and associations operate either at a deficit or just about break-even, leaving little or no income tax(2014). Thus, revoking the tax-exempt status of professional athletic associations would not yield as much revenue as one would think. Focusing on the tax-exempt status of professional athletic associations masks many of the real burdens these groups place on the American taxpayer. For example, we continue to permit the use of federal tax-exempt bonds to fund new stadiums and arenas, and cities across America routinely grant relief from property taxes for pro-facilities (Long 2014). Where the revenue the government stands to gain from revoking the tax-exempt status of professional associations stands to be around $110 million within the first decade, these grants relief from property taxes has cost to be in the billions over the last decade (Long 2014). Therefore, the tax-exempt status of professional athletic associations is not the biggest way in which the government is losing revenue from these groups. Evaluating the tax-exempt status of private universities is different than examining that of professional athletic associations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Colleges and universities provide value to students and society. We generate direct economic activity from capital investments, ongoing operations, and student and visitor spending. We provide cultural opportunities to residents and support community initiatives and volunteer work (Kaplan 2015). While universities may not pay property taxes, some of them participate in payment in lieu of taxes (PILOT) programs (Kaplan 2015). According to a study conducted by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy in 2011, the PILOTs collectively across the United States were worth over $92 million with most of the money coming from colleges and universities (Kaplan 2015). While universities may not be paying property tax, they are a mission-based organization thats purpose is to provide a great benefit to society. Critique of Both Arguments Like any good topic, theres always two ways to sides to the argument. Here, one is presented with the issue of whether or not professional athletic associations and private universities should be receiving tax-exempt status. To me, comparing the tax-exempt status of professional athletic associations to private universities is like comparing apples to oranges. I believe the argument for keeping private universities is far superior to counter argument. While private universities like Brown and Princeton have significant funds and endowments that could be taxed to benefit the local community, universities provide so much value to a city. For example, communities benefit, some more than others, in tourism revenue just by default of having a college in their town. In addition, like previously said in the counter argument, universities benefit the community through volunteerism and threw many on-campus organizations. In addition, I believe that higher education being tax-exempt allows the government to take an important stance. The cost of education is too for most students and families, making many students take out loans just to pay for school. By having education be tax-exempt, I believe that the government is sending a message that education provides a great service and benefit to us all. While I believe in private educations tax-exempt status and the message it sends, I do not believe that professional athletic associations like the NHL and PGA should be tax-exempt. While a strong counter can be found as the why the tax-exempt status of these organizations is irrelevant, I still feel that it sends the wrong message and is unfair to the American taxpayer. The PGA grosses nearly $180 million a year in sponsorship, yet they are tax-exempt (Pound). To me, that is almost immoral of the government to do. Non-profits are meant to be mission-serving organizations that provide a beneficial service to their community; however, I see no benefit to the community by these organizations tax-exempt status. With the national debt continuing to rise, one would think the government would be taking any rightful cent they could get. Athletic leagues and some universities are just two examples of nonprofits that can be seen as questionable by the American people. In addition, I think it is important for the government to be transparent and really take into consideration the mission of the organization before verifying a group as tax-exempt. Keeping valuable tax dollars from the government and the American people is unfair, especially when it comes to athletic organizations that earn billions of dollars a year. With people struggling to simply pay for daily necessities, it is time for the government to reevaluate the current tax codes, and allow for more government transparency Conclusion To conclude, after presenting a basic history of nonprofit organizations and its tax codes, one can better determine whether or not specific groups should be considered a tax-exempt organization in todays society. As history has progressed, it is becoming seemingly more difficult to see what public purpose certain groups are serving. The NHL and the PGA Tour Inc., for example, are making millions of dollars a year, yet they pay no federal income tax on its revenue. Congressmen see the fault in the tax-exempt status of these athletic organizations, but no progress is being made. Moreover, this shows a lack of transparency within in government, with a study finding of nearly 87% people being unaware of the NFLs tax-exempt status. Yet, athletic organizations are not the only group being scrutinized for its nonprofit status. Educational institutions are beginning to feel the backlash as well. Schools such as Princeton and Brown are coming under pressure by their communities to pay proper ty tax. The reason they dont dates back to 1917 whenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ educational institutionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦operated on a far more modest scale (Piereson and Riley.) Sometimes, it is difficult to see the public purpose of certain organizations within the tax-exempt sector. While there are countless nonprofits performing beneficial public services, others can be harder to justify. In the future, I believe the government should not be allowing professional athletic associations to be tax-exempt. While the potential revenue increase is modest, it is still helping taxpayers. However, when it comes to the tax exemption of private universities, I am neutral or even in support of their status. Educational institutions bring great value to community, and I believe they provide a great service to the American people. Non-profits provide a great service to our country and in aiding public administrators. Thus, we should not take the status of the tax-exempt sector lightly. Works Cited US Nonprofit Sector. National Center for Charitable Statistics/US Nonprofit Sector. Arnsberger, P., Ludlum, M., Riley, M., and Stranton, M. A History of the Tax-Exempt Sector: An SOI Perspective The Nature of the Nonprofit Sector. Ed. J. Steven Ott and Lisa A. Dicke. 125-135. Coburn, T. The NFL Doesnt Need Tax-Exempt Status. US News. U.S. News World Report, 30 Nov. 2013. Hopkins, B., Gross, V. The Legal Framework of the Nonprofit Sector in the United States The Jossey-Bass Handbook of Nonprofit Leadership and Management. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 43-52. Isidore, C. NFL gives up tax exempt status. CNN Money. 28 April 2015 Jenkins, K. Your Tax Dollars into NFL Owners Pockets? PublicMind Polling, Market Analysis. Fairleigh Dickinson University, 24 Jan. 2014 Kaplan, S. Losing tax exemptions would chill higher ed. The University Business. 23 September 2013. Long, J.   Ending Sports Leagues Tax-Exempt Status Might Not Bring In More Money. New York Times. 3 September 2014. Mandell, N. and Scott, N. Why the NFL Probably Wont Lose Its Tax-Exempt Status. USA Today. USA Today, 23 Sept. 2014 Piereson, J. and Riley, NS.,Why Shouldnt Princeton Pay Taxes? WSJ. Wall Street Journal, 19 Aug. 2013 Pound, ET., and Cohen, G. Tax Exempt! (Cover Story).U.S. News World Report 119.13 (1995): 36. Academic Search Premier. Watson, T. The Real Super Bowl Question: Should the NFL be a Nonprofit? Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 30 Jan.2014

Carson Mccullers The Member Of The Wedding: Summary :: essays research papers

Carson McCullers' The Member of the Wedding: Summary The Member of the Wedding by Carson McCullers is the story of an adolescent girl who triumphs over loneliness and gains maturity through an identity that she creates for herself in her mind. It is with this guise that twelve year old Frankie Addams begins to feel confident about herself and life. The author seems to indicate that one can feel good about oneself through positive thinking regardless of reality. The novel teaches that one's destiny is a self-fulfilled prophecy, seeing one's self in a certain light oftentimes creates an environment where one might become that which one would like to be. The world begins to look new and beautiful to Frankie when her older brother Jarvis returns from Alaska with his bride-to-be, Janice. The once clumsy Frankie, forlorn and lonely, feeling that she "was a member of nothing in the world" now decides that she is going to be "the member of the wedding." Frankie truly believes that she is going to be an integral part of her brother's new family and becomes infatuated with the idea that she will leave Georgia and live with Jarvis and Janice in Winter Hill. In her scheme to be part of this new unit, she dubs herself F. Jasmine so that she and the wedding couple will all have names beginning with the letters J and a. Her positive thinking induces a euphoria which contributes to a rejection of the old feeling that "the old Frankie had no we to claim.... Now all this was suddenly over with and changed. There was her brother and the bride, and it was as though when first she saw them something she had known inside of her: They are the we of me." Being a member of the wedding will, she feels, connect her irrevocably to her brother and his wife. Typical of many teenagers, she felt that in order to be someone she has to be a part of an intact, existing group, that is, Jarvis and Janice. The teen years are known as a time of soul-searching for a new and grown up identity. In an effort to find this identity teens seek to join a group. Frankie, too, is deperate for Jarvis and Janice's adult acceptance. Frankie is forced to spend the summer with John Henry, her six year old cousin, and Berenice Brown, her black cook. It is through her interactions with these two characters that the reader perceives Frankie's ascent from childhood. Before Jarvis and Janice arrive, Frankie is content to play with

Cause and Effect Technology Essay

Technology continues to make progress every single day in society. Schools, the workplace, and even homes have advanced so much over the past twenty years. As technology starts to take over every little part of people’s lives, some new advances may end up as the â€Å"next big thing† and others may slowly destroy the ways of human life. First, technology in schools, which have adapted so many new advances in even the last five years. A cause of increased use of technology in classrooms could be the pressure to do better with the resources they were given. This can lead to three consequences such as a cheating, easier access to information, and they could even use technology as a sort of tutor. Second, the workplace has adapted to all the new technologies maybe even faster than schools. Businesses search for a more productive way to run their operations. The increased usage of technology in the workplace has a very dangerous outcome which usually manifests in stress. Three causes of the stress in the workplace could be due to technology such as malfunctions, job insecurity, and certain medical issues when the employees use the technology all the time. Last, these new technologies even have tried to make life at home simpler for everyone. Things may seem like they are there to help you, but in the long run these new techniques may end up turning out poorly. Since the new technology has been brought about, there are more ways to find a recipe than just looking in a cookbook that was found in the kitchen cupboard. This may end up in obesity for in the long run and may not even see it coming. The effects of the increased usage of technology has caused the way people live their lives at school, at work, and at home to change drastically. As more schools tend to adapt to the â€Å"technology wave† there has been an increase of discussion about whether the advances of technology in the  classroom help the students learn better, or if it distracts them from actually doing the work themselves. These types of improvements increase the pressure of succeeding academically. One result of the growing amount of pressure on a student is that children are able to use technology as a tutor. Whether it is used as an educational social media to connect peers together outside of school, or even just simply being able to go to a search engine and gain the same knowledge that could be learned in the classroom. The internet is a great tutor if the resources are used properly. Another ramification of the flourishing amount of pressure put on a student because of the increased use of technology in classrooms is that information is far more accessible than before. Due to the mass amount of information available, everything is one click away. With the use of tablets, students are able to practically hold an entire encyclopedia set in their hands. The third effect of the increase of pressure among students is the fact that academic dishonesty is too easy. Since it is so easy to gather information from other sources besides your own head when you are stuck, this can lead to dangerous temptations of cheating in school. Workplace stress is a serious consequence that employees experience because of the increased use of technology in businesses. One reason stress is created at work, related to the escalating use of technology, is due to technological malfunctions. When technology does not work correctly, employees can lose important data, miss deadlines, and slow down production. This can not only have harmful effects, but become a waste of time. Another reason stress is created in the workplace is due to job insecurity. Technology is able to do jobs that more efficiently and at a cheaper cost than what a human would do. Since the increased use of technology, robots are now able to perform simple tasks with no mistakes like the assembly line, to more complex situations like medical procedures. Companies save thousands of dollars by making the transition to robots. This creates stress on employees seeing the possibility of jobs being replaced by a robot. The last cause of this stress is the risk of medical injuries. Technology may be able to reduce some medical risks that employees had with their job, but now there are medical conditions that are arising because of the technology that workers use. Since companies are starting to use more robots, they do not  know what is going on at all times besides they are programmed what to do. Any incident could happen at any second because the robots do not stop unless a human presses a button to make them stop. The increased use of technology at home has been a blessing. Senior citizens and other adults that were not once used to technology, now are using it more than ever. For example, with the increasing use of technology, cookbooks are almost at the point of extinction. Before, when families wanted to make a new recipe for dinner, they had to get all of their cookbooks out and try to make their own recipe. This has all became simpler due to the internet. Practically any recipe can be found on the internet today. Although many recipes are so accessible, finding the perfect one may be difficult, which leads to frustration. They may not have the exact ingredients needed to make the meal or may not want to take the time to create a dinner for the family. Therefore, the outcome of someone becoming frustrated with technology could result in fast food or take-out options. Since technology has become so advanced, food can be ordered online and delivered to the door. This would cause people to become much lazier. Technology then could become the staring point of obesity. Instead of families going out and getting the food, or going out to the store and getting the ingredients for the meal they just get on the computer and order their unhealthy choices, which could lead to obesity, due to the convinces of technology, and creates a lack of exercise. Overall, technology has become a great tool for everyone and has helped paved the way to success for many. Sometimes technology does not work the way it is supposed to and causes problems to arise. But luckily, technology is slowly becoming more useful and less of a hassle. Whether technology is used at school, work, or home it has changed the way people live their lives dramatically.

Free Essays on Ballad Of The Sadn Cafe

En La balada del cafà © triste, de Carson MacCullers, se muestra una atmà ³sfera cargada de violencia, decepcià ³n y traicià ³n que se refleja claramente en el titulo y que de igual manera se entremezcla en la historia a lo largo del libro: A 60 millas de Atlanta, en el estado de Georgia, en un pequeà ±o pueblo – donde al parecer no habà ­a mucho que hacer - se desarrolla la historia del cafà © de Miss Amelia Evans que, el cual resulta ser ms tarde el centro de atraccià ³n para los habitantes del pueblo en donde se reà ºnen para platicar e incluso para consultarse sobre asuntos relevantes para la poblacià ³n. La seà ±orita Amelia siempre se mostraba poco sociable a pesar de ser querida y respetada por todos en el pueblo. Su almacà ©n era el que tenà ­a el mejor whisky en la regià ³n y era tambià ©n un centro, por asà ­ decirlo, de reunià ³n para la comunidad. Fue aquà ­ donde una noche aparecià ³ un jorobado, el primo Lymon, buscando a Miss Amelia. Miss Amelia decidià ³ darle cobijo y esto ms tarde repercute en la historia, pues el primo Lymon provoca la apertura del cafà ©. Despuà ©s de tres dà ­as en lo s que nadie en le pueblo sabà ­a absolutamente nada del jorobado, sino solo se habà ­a escuchado el rumor que decà ­a que Miss Amelia lo habà ­a asesinado por algo que llevaba en la maleta, gente del pueblo decide investigar lo que pasa y entrando en el almacà ©n ocho hombres descubren al primo Lymon sano y salvo y està © comienza a charlar con ellos, no sin antes haberlos sorprendido con su actitud digna y palabras cortantes. Es aquà ­ cuando comienza la historia im provisada del cafà © al Amelia descorchar una botella e invitar unas galletas que dispuso en una charola, y todo esto  ¡sin pagar!, lo cual resultaba una total y franca sorpresa para los que se encontraban ahà ­. En tres dà ­as y tres noches habà ­a ocurrido todo: la llegada del â€Å"primo Lymon†, la celebracià ³n y la apertura del cafà ©. En tan solo dos aà ±os, el antes almacà ©n, era ahora t... Free Essays on Ballad Of The Sadn Cafe Free Essays on Ballad Of The Sadn Cafe En La balada del cafà © triste, de Carson MacCullers, se muestra una atmà ³sfera cargada de violencia, decepcià ³n y traicià ³n que se refleja claramente en el titulo y que de igual manera se entremezcla en la historia a lo largo del libro: A 60 millas de Atlanta, en el estado de Georgia, en un pequeà ±o pueblo – donde al parecer no habà ­a mucho que hacer - se desarrolla la historia del cafà © de Miss Amelia Evans que, el cual resulta ser ms tarde el centro de atraccià ³n para los habitantes del pueblo en donde se reà ºnen para platicar e incluso para consultarse sobre asuntos relevantes para la poblacià ³n. La seà ±orita Amelia siempre se mostraba poco sociable a pesar de ser querida y respetada por todos en el pueblo. Su almacà ©n era el que tenà ­a el mejor whisky en la regià ³n y era tambià ©n un centro, por asà ­ decirlo, de reunià ³n para la comunidad. Fue aquà ­ donde una noche aparecià ³ un jorobado, el primo Lymon, buscando a Miss Amelia. Miss Amelia decidià ³ darle cobijo y esto ms tarde repercute en la historia, pues el primo Lymon provoca la apertura del cafà ©. Despuà ©s de tres dà ­as en lo s que nadie en le pueblo sabà ­a absolutamente nada del jorobado, sino solo se habà ­a escuchado el rumor que decà ­a que Miss Amelia lo habà ­a asesinado por algo que llevaba en la maleta, gente del pueblo decide investigar lo que pasa y entrando en el almacà ©n ocho hombres descubren al primo Lymon sano y salvo y està © comienza a charlar con ellos, no sin antes haberlos sorprendido con su actitud digna y palabras cortantes. Es aquà ­ cuando comienza la historia im provisada del cafà © al Amelia descorchar una botella e invitar unas galletas que dispuso en una charola, y todo esto  ¡sin pagar!, lo cual resultaba una total y franca sorpresa para los que se encontraban ahà ­. En tres dà ­as y tres noches habà ­a ocurrido todo: la llegada del â€Å"primo Lymon†, la celebracià ³n y la apertura del cafà ©. En tan solo dos aà ±os, el antes almacà ©n, era ahora t...

supreme mathmetics essays

supreme mathmetics essays Supreme Mathematics Prison changed him. An inevitability. You remember him. He was the man who caressed my back while talking to me about Asimovs Three Laws of Robotics, fractals, and the Human Genome Product. Thats right, thats him, the man who got sent away for two years for computer intrusion. The love of technology cost him his freedom. Since he had no access to a digital life, he embraced the science of the Five Percent Nation - The Nation of Gods and Earths. It was the analog to his digital. The Supreme Alphabet and Supreme Mathematics, with their concepts of degrees and numerals is what attracted him. One day, long after he`d been sent upstate, my phone rang. His beard was rough against the receiver, adding to the rawness of his voice. The Fed, aint no joke...no windows, no sun...TV, a recreation deck to occupy my time." I said nothing. His steady breathing took me back to a time when he made me breathless. "I hate computers, he said. Why? I asked. Computers di dnt hurt you, you hurt yourself, I said. He hung up. Sporadically, he would call like this, tell me about what was happening inside - mainly about his new science, and sometimes about his past. I was Clarisse Starling to his Dr. Lechter. He told me how, when he was a teen, he was an arcade junkie, how he charged up a Commodore 64 to function like a supercomputer. That was then, this is now, he would say. What was now for him? "Knowledge, Wisdom, Understanding, Culture/Freedom, Power/Refinement, Eequality, God, Build/Destroy, Born, Cipha - the science of Supreme Mathematics." He had become Science. That was his new name. One day, according to him, he was talking Five Percenter knowledge with some of his boys when he used the word "amalgam." His boy went a little bombastic on him, asking, How many nuhs know what that mean? Thats that dumb ish. My man, not...

The Sequestration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The Sequestration - Essay Example The reduction in expenditure is further divided equally between defense based agencies and agencies for domestic utilities. It aims at reducing the government’s budget deficit with an ultimate goal of reducing the federal government’s debts that escalated during the last global recession (Smith 1). Implementation of The Sequester offers a number of adverse consequences to the nation’s economy and to the American people. Budget cut has been associated with strong impacts on education in the state of Texas that stand to lose almost $ 70 million in the sector. This will mean lost employment opportunities for teachers in the state, almost 5000 students will lose state funded health services, and many military personnel will be forced into unpaid leaves. These examples identify microeconomic challenges to the affected populations and the challenges may spill over to macroeconomic factors such as gross domestic product level and consumer price index. Strong adverse impacts of the cuts also promise reduced health care funding in New York and cuts on military allocations across many states (LoGiurato 1). Infrastructure is also likely to be affected by the cuts (Landers 1). The Sequester is also expected to have significant effects on higher education and diversified secondary effects on people’s social lives and on professional scopes. Reduced aid to students is likely to affect ability to learn, especially among poor students who have relied on federal funds. The cuts will also affect research programs with direct effects on industrial developments and students’ learning processes and this identifies threats of incompetence and inefficiencies in professional practice as the students venture into career. It may also affect employability of students (Bidwell 1). The most significantly affected academic research programs are those that funded by federal

The Nature of Firms in Different Economic Systems Essay

The Nature of Firms in Different Economic Systems - Essay Example d by the market share (or market power) it possesses, number of other sellers in the industry, nature of market demand faced by the firm, price mechanism followed and the target market served (Plesch and Blakenburg, 2008). Variation in some or all of these factors creates different types of firms. Some of these factors are internal to the firm while others are related to the external environment of the firm. Customer purchase behaviour (or customer preferences) is the chief external factor that affects the operations of the firm. The pattern of exchange of goods and services and transaction of knowledge (referring to symmetry or asymmetry of information in the market structure) also determines the types of firms in different markets. It influences the production pattern of the firm and also reflects the kind of profit enjoyed by the firm. Nature of firms in different types of economic systems Some economists distinguish each type of economic system from one another according to the c oncept of economic surplus. While various types of economic systems have been prevailing in different periods of time in history, only a small number of economic systems have played significant role in the shaping up of productive units in the economy. In the current global economy, three different market systems are can be distinguished from one another (Plesch and Blakenburg, 2007). Since the characteristics of each of these economies vary, it indicates that the type of firm that operates in these economies would not be the same. The types of economic structures have been elaborated below with reference to the type of firm that can operate in these economic systems. The first kind of economic system is market economy. In this type of economy, the market acts as the prime economic thrust.... This essay offers comprehensive analysis of varying role of firms in different economic systems. The nature of firm is highly integrated with the nature of the economy in which the firm operates Different forces might lead to resource allocation in an economy. Depending on factors such as availability and allocation of raw materials, changing preferences of customers, culture and tradition of the economy and basic infrastructure; the missions and short and long term goals of the firms are decided. The economic system of a nation refers to the system of allocating the resource endowment of the country among the different activities taking place within the country. In this process, resources are allocated to firms for making productive activities. These resources act as the factors of production for the firm. In the current world economy, three different types of economic systems can be identified. These are command economy, market economy and mixed economy The nature of firms is not a constant attribute . It varies depending on certain internal as well as certain external factors. Economic system can run without intervention from any other individual or agency. Supply in the economy is adjusted to the demand created by consumers, or in other words, production is adjusted consumption. The process in which a firm operates in the economy, according to scholars, is elastic and automatic . All firms in an economic system are coordinated by the price mechanism. Thus, they are integrated with the economic structure of the country